How to Estimate Concrete Costs?
The Constructor
DECEMBER 14, 2018
Calculating the cost of the concrete is an important step in the project estimate. The cost of concrete depends on the cost of materials, mix design,
Concrete Design Estimating 
How to Estimate Preliminary Sizes of Concrete Elements?
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 15, 2020
Estimation of preliminary sizes of concrete elements is crucial for the design of structural concrete elements. Initially, the designer has to.
Estimating 
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ACI METHOD OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
The Constructor
JANUARY 16, 2013
ACI method of concrete mix design is based on the estimated weight of the concrete per unit volume. This method takes into consideration the.
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TYPES OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 15, 2011
Nominal Mixes In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. Nominal Mixes In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates.
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ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR DESIGN MIX CONCRETE
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 20, 2011
The concrete shall be deemed to comply with the strength requirements if: a) every sample has a test strength not less than the characteristic value;or b) The strength of one or more samples though less than the characteristic value, is in each case not less than the greater of : 1) The characteristic strength minus 1.35
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TYPES OF CRACKS IN CONCRETE BEAMS
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 8, 2011
Cracks in concrete beams due to increased shear stress 2. Cracks in concrete beams due to corrosion or insufficient concrete cover 3. Cracks parallel to main steel in case of corrosion in beams 4. Cracks due to increased bending stress in beams 5.
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TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON CONCRETE
The Constructor
MARCH 21, 2012
The size of movement depends upon the change in temperature and the coefficient of thermal expansion o f concrete. The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is influenced largely by the coefficient of thermal expansion of the aggregates since the aggregate occupies 70-80% of the volume of the concrete.
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REINFORCEMENT COVER AND PRE-CONCRETE CHECKS
The Constructor
MARCH 20, 2012
From the diagram above, we can see how the process unfolds. When the binding has set, the steel bars are placed into position.
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STRUCTURAL USES OF PRECAST CONCRETE
The Constructor
MARCH 25, 2012
Use of Precast Concrete in frames: There are two main types of precast building frame. The structural frame consists of slabs, beams and columns. Structural frames are mainly used for offices, car parks and retail developments. The cross-wall frame consists of floor slabs and solid walls.
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BENEFITS OF USING STEEL FIBRES IN CONCRETE
The Constructor
JANUARY 1, 2012
The benefits of using steel fibres in concrete are as follows: 1. Steel Fibres are generally distributed throughout a given cross section whereas reinforcing bars or wires are placed only where required 2. Steel fibres are relatively short and closely spaced as compared with countinuous reinforcing bars of wires.
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REDUCING DRYING SHRINKAGE IN CONCRETE
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 8, 2011
Upon wetting, concrete tends to expand. This type of shrinkage is caused by the loss of moisture from the cement paste constituent, which can shrink by as much as 1% per unit length. Unfortunately, aggregate provides internal restraint that reduces the magnitude of this volume change to about 0.05%.
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FEATURES OF PRECAST CONCRETE
The Constructor
MARCH 25, 2012
There is no grout loss, such as that from badly fitting formwork, which results in poor quality concrete like shown below. By careful selection of materials and finishing processes, a wide range of high quality finishes can be obtained.
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TYPES OF CRACKS IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 8, 2011
Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to Steel Corrosion (cracks parallel to steel bars) 2. Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to shrinkage of concrete 3. Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to increased load on the slab 4. Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to sulphate attack 5.
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WHY WE TEST CONCRETE SRTRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS?
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 25, 2011
WHY WE TEST CONCRETE SRTRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS? WHY WE TEST CONCRETE SRTRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS? Tweet Why do we test concrete compressive strength after 28 days? The table below shows the compressive strength gained by concrete after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days with respect to the grade of concrete we use.
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250 EXPOSURE CONDITIONS AFFECTING DURABILITY OF CONCRETE
The Constructor
AUGUST 10, 2012
These are the environments to which the concrete will be exposed during its working life. These are: Mild exposure Moderate exposure Severe exposure Very severe exposure, and Extreme exposure. The durability requirement, like clear cover to reinforcement steel is governed by these exposure conditions.
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PUMPED CONCRETE PUMP TYPES & SELECTION
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 28, 2011
This method is used where large quantity of concrete work is involved at greater height, where other means of transporting is not easy to do. Concrete pumps have been known for more than 50 years.
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CELLULAR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE?FLY ASH BASED
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 22, 2011
It has many advantages when compared to the normal conventional concrete. Fly ash is considered as one of the waste industrial product that cannot be easily disposed. It solves the problem of disposal of flyash and at the same time it reduces the cost of the construction.
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PRESTRESSED CONCRETE OVER REINFORCED CONCRETE.
The Constructor
MARCH 23, 2012
There are two ways of overcoming this problem: Embed another material in the concrete which is strong in tension – reinforced concrete Remove the tension altogether – by arching or prestressing.
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PRECAST CONCRETE PROCESS
The Constructor
MARCH 25, 2012
The following figures illustrate the precast concrete process: 1. The individual components are prefabricated off site then taken to site where they are erected.
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210 FACTORS AFFECTING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
The Constructor
MARCH 21, 2012
in dry conditions), it should be suitable for use in concrete. Quality of Raw Materials: Cement: Provided the cement conforms with the appropriate standard and it has been stored correctly (i.e.
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230 CONCRETE CREEP
The Constructor
MARCH 22, 2012
Following are the cases, which affect creep in concrete: When the aggregate volume is increased, creep will be less as the aggregate is more rigid than the cement paste. Creep can continue over a long period of time (more than 30 years in some cases) after the application of the load.
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PRE-CONCRETE CHECKS FOR FORMWORK & RELEASE AGENTS
The Constructor
MARCH 19, 2012
Depending on how big or complicated the pour is, the inspection may just take few minutes or it could take hours. Only when the formwork has been approved, may the pour take place.
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THIN SHELL CONCRETE STRUCTURE?TYPES & FORMS
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 17, 2011
The shells are most commonly flat plates and domes , but may also take the form of ellipsoids or cylindrical sections, or some combination thereof.
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WHAT IS PRECAST CONCRETE?
The Constructor
MARCH 25, 2012
WHAT IS PRECAST CONCRETE? Tweet Precast concrete is cast under factory controlled conditions and not erected on site until it is fully hardened. Tweet Precast concrete is cast under factory controlled conditions and not erected on site until it is fully hardened.
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198 TYPES OF PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING & FEATURES
The Constructor
AUGUST 7, 2012
In this case, the panels are designed and detailed by the engineer. Non-Load bearing cladding panel: A non-load bearing cladding panel must be designed, together with its fittings, to withstand the appropriate wind forces. The precast manufacturer checks the handling aspects and if necessary will modify the reinforcement accordingly.
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COMPOSITION OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE (RPC)
The Constructor
DECEMBER 17, 2011
It is new technique involved in the civil engineering.Reactive powder concrete in made by replacing the conventional sand and aggregate by grounded quartz less than300 micron size, silica fume, synthesized precipitated silica ,steel fibers about 1 cm in length and 180 micron in diameter.
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TESTS ON WATER FOR CONCRETE
The Constructor
AUGUST 18, 2012
Related posts: SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH TESTS TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE CHEMICAL TESTS ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES COMMON TESTS ON THE FRESH CONCRETE Removing concrete slab to build wood deck but worried about water entering basement? Tweet Loading GET LATEST TOPICS IN YOUR EMAIL- SUBSCRIBE NOW.
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BULK DESNSITY OF CONCRETE
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 28, 2011
Procedure for measuring bulk density of concrete is as per IS 1199 – methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. The steps are as follows: i)Take freshly mixed concrete from transit mixer by using wheel borrow. ii) Fill the cylindrical measure with concrete as soon as practicable after mixing.
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PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING CONSTRUCTION AND.
The Constructor
AUGUST 7, 2012
They may be load bearing, or they may be just decorative to act as a façade. The techniques that are used in the manufacture of panels permit a variety of finishes that imitate virtually any type of architecture at a fraction of the cost.
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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR CONCRETE
The Constructor
JANUARY 22, 2012
The stress strain curve of concrete lies between those of the aggregate and the cement paste. The aggregate is more rigid than the cement paste and will therefore deform less (i.e. have a lower strain) under the same applied stress. However this relationship is non-linear over the most of the range.
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HAND MIXING OF CONCRETE
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 21, 2011
The concrete can be specified in two ways : a) by proportioning of the constituents /ingredients (nominal mix) b) by required strength (Design mix) Concrete is mixed by any two methods, based on requirement as per quality and quantity of concrete required.
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CONCRETE CURING METHODS
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 21, 2011
Both the rate and degree of hydration, and the resulting strength of the final concrete, depend on the curing process that follows placing and consolidating the plastic concrete. This reaction, called hydration, produces a stone-like substance—the hardened cement paste.
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190 Design Flexibility Through The Use Of Concrete In Construction
Constructonomics
JANUARY 16, 2014
Without concrete the landscape of Britain would be unrecognizable. Concrete is one of the most important resources in construction today, it is the most widely used construction material in the world because of the unparalleled versatility that allows it to be used in the building of just about anything. Durability And Longevity.
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167 LOADS ON PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDINGS
The Constructor
AUGUST 24, 2012
Heat expansion of the cladding panel must be allowed for in the design. But considerations must also be given to loads that may be exerted on the cladding due to either its own or the supporting structure’s expansion during fire. Thus: Firstly the fixings must be flexible enough to allow for two dimensional movement.
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Footing Bar Bending Schedule (BBS) – Estimation of Steel Quantity
The Constructor
OCTOBER 19, 2018
Bar bending schedule (BBS) of an concrete footing provides the reinforcement details and the total steel quantity required for the footing.
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Granular Local Market Cost Data is Essential for Construction Cost Visibility & Management
Job Order Contracting
MARCH 7, 2025
Accuracy Estimates reflect real, current market conditions , not outdated or averaged data. Better contractor alignment Estimates match how local subcontractors and suppliers bid , reducing disputes. Example: If national data shows a concrete cost of $150 per cubic yard , and a location factor of 1.2 per SF , adjusted by a 1.15
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147 FOUR PHASES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The Constructor
SEPTEMBER 10, 2012
Organizing projects means defining roles and responsibilities, create a project charter, and develop high-level time and cost estimates. In this process you identify the business need for and objectives of the project; clarify competing demands and watch for scope creep.
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SITE PLANNING
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 16, 2011
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240 BRICK MASONRY CONSTRUCTION TIPS
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 15, 2011
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247 SHEAR WALL - ITS TYPES AND POSITIONING
The Constructor
MARCH 23, 2012
Codes of practice impose limits on horizontal movement or sway.
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240 COMMON STRUCTURAL FAILURE CAUSES
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 19, 2011
Even experience in extensive design in academic context can provide only limited perspective in engineering decision making. Most lessons in engineering decision making come from the cases of histories of failures of structures, which itself are the results of a bad judgement, thus making us understand the pitfalls in conceptual design.
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METHODS OF BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
The Constructor
JANUARY 17, 2012
The decision is made by the design team.
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TYPES OF PRECAST COMPONENTS IN A BUILDING
The Constructor
MARCH 27, 2012
Precast floor slabs: The main types of slabs are used in the precast frames are: Hollow cored slab Double tee slab Precast walls: Precast concrete walls serve two functions: Stability As walls or boxes surrounding staircases and lift shafts. Corner columns – not symmetrical at all.
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240 STRUCTURAL DEFECTS OF FOUNDATIONS AT CONSTRUCTION.
The Constructor
NOVEMBER 1, 2011
Sulphate attack in concrete foundation and cement mortar below ground level. Movement in walls above ground level and expansion and deterioration of cement mortar and concrete below ground level. Cracking in walls in line of weakness in structure. Clayey soil with high sulphate content. Inadequate support to foundation from land-fill.
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