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Cracks in concrete beams due to increased shear stress 2. Cracks in concrete beams due to corrosion or insufficient concrete cover 3. Cracks parallel to main steel in case of corrosion in beams 4. Cracks due to increased bending stress in beams 5.
The size of movement depends upon the change in temperature and the coefficient of thermal expansion o f concrete. The coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete is influenced largely by the coefficient of thermal expansion of the aggregates since the aggregate occupies 70-80% of the volume of the concrete.
Use of Precast Concrete in frames: There are two main types of precast building frame. The structural frame consists of slabs, beams and columns. Structural frames are mainly used for offices, car parks and retail developments. The cross-wall frame consists of floor slabs and solid walls.
Upon wetting, concrete tends to expand. This type of shrinkage is caused by the loss of moisture from the cement paste constituent, which can shrink by as much as 1% per unit length. Unfortunately, aggregate provides internal restraint that reduces the magnitude of this volume change to about 0.05%.
The benefits of using steel fibres in concrete are as follows: 1. Steel Fibres are generally distributed throughout a given cross section whereas reinforcing bars or wires are placed only where required 2. Steel fibres are relatively short and closely spaced as compared with countinuous reinforcing bars of wires.
Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to Steel Corrosion (cracks parallel to steel bars) 2. Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to shrinkage of concrete 3. Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to increased load on the slab 4. Cracks in reinforced concrete columns due to sulphate attack 5.
There is no grout loss, such as that from badly fitting formwork, which results in poor quality concrete like shown below. By careful selection of materials and finishing processes, a wide range of high quality finishes can be obtained.
Nominal Mixes In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. Nominal Mixes In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and coarse aggregates.
These are the environments to which the concrete will be exposed during its working life. These are: Mild exposure Moderate exposure Severe exposure Very severe exposure, and Extreme exposure. The durability requirement, like clear cover to reinforcement steel is governed by these exposure conditions.
WHY WE TEST CONCRETE SRTRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS? WHY WE TEST CONCRETE SRTRENGTH AFTER 28 DAYS? Tweet Why do we test concrete compressive strength after 28 days? The table below shows the compressive strength gained by concrete after 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days with respect to the grade of concrete we use.
There are two ways of overcoming this problem: Embed another material in the concrete which is strong in tension – reinforced concrete Remove the tension altogether – by arching or prestressing.
This method is used where large quantity of concrete work is involved at greater height, where other means of transporting is not easy to do. Concrete pumps have been known for more than 50 years.
It has many advantages when compared to the normal conventional concrete. Fly ash is considered as one of the waste industrial product that cannot be easily disposed. It solves the problem of disposal of flyash and at the same time it reduces the cost of the construction.
The concrete shall be deemed to comply with the strength requirements if: a) every sample has a test strength not less than the characteristic value;or b) The strength of one or more samples though less than the characteristic value, is in each case not less than the greater of : 1) The characteristic strength minus 1.35
The following figures illustrate the precast concrete process: 1. The individual components are prefabricated off site then taken to site where they are erected.
Following are the cases, which affect creep in concrete: When the aggregate volume is increased, creep will be less as the aggregate is more rigid than the cement paste. Creep can continue over a long period of time (more than 30 years in some cases) after the application of the load.
in dry conditions), it should be suitable for use in concrete. Quality of Raw Materials: Cement: Provided the cement conforms with the appropriate standard and it has been stored correctly (i.e.
WHAT IS PRECAST CONCRETE? Tweet Precast concrete is cast under factory controlled conditions and not erected on site until it is fully hardened. Tweet Precast concrete is cast under factory controlled conditions and not erected on site until it is fully hardened.
Depending on how big or complicated the pour is, the inspection may just take few minutes or it could take hours. Only when the formwork has been approved, may the pour take place.
Related posts: SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE WITH TESTS TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE CHEMICAL TESTS ON CONCRETE STRUCTURES COMMON TESTS ON THE FRESH CONCRETE Removing concrete slab to build wood deck but worried about water entering basement? Tweet Loading GET LATEST TOPICS IN YOUR EMAIL- SUBSCRIBE NOW.
Procedure for measuring bulk density of concrete is as per IS 1199 – methods of sampling and analysis of concrete. The steps are as follows: i)Take freshly mixed concrete from transit mixer by using wheel borrow. ii) Fill the cylindrical measure with concrete as soon as practicable after mixing.
It is new technique involved in the civil engineering.Reactive powder concrete in made by replacing the conventional sand and aggregate by grounded quartz less than300 micron size, silica fume, synthesized precipitated silica ,steel fibers about 1 cm in length and 180 micron in diameter.
Cleanliness: when repairing concrete, care must be taken to remove any dirt or dust that will prevent the repair concrete bonding with the parent concrete. Correct technique : The correct technique and the correct tools are essential for repairing damaged concrete.
The stress strain curve of concrete lies between those of the aggregate and the cement paste. The aggregate is more rigid than the cement paste and will therefore deform less (i.e. have a lower strain) under the same applied stress. However this relationship is non-linear over the most of the range.
They may be load bearing, or they may be just decorative to act as a façade. The techniques that are used in the manufacture of panels permit a variety of finishes that imitate virtually any type of architecture at a fraction of the cost.
The concrete can be specified in two ways : a) by proportioning of the constituents /ingredients (nominal mix) b) by required strength (Design mix) Concrete is mixed by any two methods, based on requirement as per quality and quantity of concrete required.
Both the rate and degree of hydration, and the resulting strength of the final concrete, depend on the curing process that follows placing and consolidating the plastic concrete. This reaction, called hydration, produces a stone-like substance—the hardened cement paste.
Residential house site should be located away from the busy commercial roads. Good foundation soil should be available at responsible depth. This aspect saves quite a bit in the cost of the building. Residential site should not be located near workshops, factories, because such locations are subjected to continuous noise.
For instance, the concrete sub and superstructure should not need replacing during 120 year design life. The items that will need maintenance and or replacement include: Bearings Waterproofing membranes Road surfacing Movement joints Parapets The road surfacing will have to be replaced over long stretches of the carriageway.
Hybrid concrete construction can incorporate all the benefits of precasting, (e.g. The different materials are used according to their strengths and weaknesses to provide simple, buildable and competitive high-quality structures that offer consistent performance. economy, flexibility, moulability, continuity and robustness).
hardened concrete). hardened concrete). hardened concrete). hardened concrete). hardened concrete). hardened concrete). Procedure as per IS 516 – Methods of tests for strength of concrete 1.
Precast floor slabs: The main types of slabs are used in the precast frames are: Hollow cored slab Double tee slab Precast walls: Precast concrete walls serve two functions: Stability As walls or boxes surrounding staircases and lift shafts. Corner columns – not symmetrical at all.
This method is also used to find out 28 days compressive strength of concrete in 28 hours. (As As per IS 9013-1978-Method of making, curing and determining compressive strength of accelerated cured concrete test specimens).
Sulphate attack in concrete foundation and cement mortar below ground level. Movement in walls above ground level and expansion and deterioration of cement mortar and concrete below ground level. Cracking in walls in line of weakness in structure. Clayey soil with high sulphate content. Inadequate support to foundation from land-fill.
Prestressed Concrete Piles CLASSIFICATION OF PILES LOAD ON PILES NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION ON PILES Can foundation Piles be welded, if yes what is the welding procedure to be followed? Tweet Loading GET LATEST TOPICS IN YOUR EMAIL- SUBSCRIBE NOW. Related posts: Advantages of Precast pile foundation over Cast-in-situ pile foundations?
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